Technical Notes

When it comes to electrical characteristics, solid matter falls into one of three categories: it is either a conductor, an insulator, or a semiconductor, depending on whether or how …

The electrical property that makes semiconducting materials so valuable in electronics applications arises from the fact that their electrical conductivity can be continuously vari …

When p-type semiconductor and n-type semiconductor materials are placed in physical contact, the area around the contact (known as the junction) behaves differently than either of the …

The characteristic response of a solid state diode to an external electrical potential or to an energy source such as light forms the basis for devices such as bipolar junction transistors, …

BJT operation involves both electrons and holes. It can be configured as either a PNP transistor or an NPN transistor which can be constructed as either a three-layer sandwich or as …

MOSFETs are planar surface devices that are the most commonly used variant of Field Effect Transistors (FETs);including Junction Gate Field Effect Transistors (JFETs) and Insulated …

It can be seen that all of the familiar components of a MOS device are present in the FinFET (drain, source, gate, gate dielectric) and that the device more effectively separates the …

Flash transistors are used in memory devices. Their design is similar to that of MOSFETs with the main design difference being that they employ two gates rather than one.

Polysilicon thin films are produced using a process known as chemical vapor deposition or CVD. Heavily doped polysilicon and poly-silicide films have been used as gate electrodes and …

Epitaxy is defined as the "regularly oriented growth of one crystalline substance on another". Both homoepitaxy and heteroepitaxy processes are used in semiconductor device fabrica …

Compound semiconductors are materials such as GaAs, AlGaAs, GaN, CdSe, InP, InSb, etc. These materials combine the elements from equidistant columns on either side of Column IVA of …

Thermal SiO2 films for device components can be formed in a variety of ways; the selection of method is dependent on such factors as substrate composition/topography and the thermal …

In semiconductor device fabrication, contacts are the metal components in direct contact with silicon in transistors and other devices, while interconnects are the current-carrying …

In simple terms, vacuum may be defined as: A space or container from which the air has been completely or partially removed.

An in-depth understanding of the creation of vacuum requires consideration for physical characteristics such as gas viscosity, flow type, the thermal conductivity of the gas, and gas …

The first true pressure measurement was made by Evangelista Torricelli in the 17th Century, when he invented the mercury barometer and measured atmospheric pressure.

The Pirani gauge's sensing element is a wire of known resistance and known temperature coefficient of resistance.

UHV and XHV pressure measurements are routinely performed using ionization gauges configured as either hot cathode gauges (HCGs) or cold cathode gauges (CCGs).

Spinning rotor gauges (SRGs) also known as molecular drag or viscosity gauges, measure the number density of the surrounding gas.

The capacitance gauge translates a pressure-modulated movement in a thin diaphragm into an electrical signal proportional to the pressure.